<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; line-height: 25.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">果樹根系生長特性：向地性、趨肥性、需氧性、集中性、季節(jié)性、周期性、更新性、無眠性。</span><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 21px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; line-height: 25.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">根系生長在一年中有一次或多次高峰，且高峰的出現(xiàn)一般與地上部生長高峰交錯(cuò)出現(xiàn)。果樹的光合產(chǎn)物超過50%用于根系的生長，有機(jī)營養(yǎng)（含貯藏營養(yǎng)）不足，不利于根系的生長。開花坐果和果實(shí)生長發(fā)育消耗大，不利于根系生長；地上部營養(yǎng)生長旺盛，不利于根系生長。<strong>果樹葉面肥</strong></span></p><p class="" style="margin-top: 25px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 5px 0px 10px 7px; max-width: ; clear: both; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 22px; border-top: 2px solid rgb(0, 187, 236); font-family: 微軟雅黑; line-height: 35px; color: rgb(0, 187, 236); background-image: url(&quot;http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/srdjOQrfv9xnrMJEFfs2crIxTAOp3uFV7DaKq6vtkRufXcR6nUcz1vrh66ApgaS5ZHUq9ducuO9MZyyxVbRiaGA/0?wx_fmt=png&quot;); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: 0px ; background-repeat: repeat-x; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">根系一年四季怎樣長？</span><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">果樹根系比地上部開始活動(dòng)早，停止晚。在北方果樹栽培區(qū)域，成齡樹根系一年內(nèi)有三次生長高峰期：</span><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（1）當(dāng)春季土溫達(dá)3～4℃以上時(shí)，根系開始生長。一般從萌芽前至4月下旬為次生長高峰，主要受地溫和貯藏養(yǎng)分制約。這次高峰發(fā)根較多，但生長時(shí)間較短。</span><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（2）從新梢接近停止生長開始，到果實(shí)加速生長和花芽分化以前（6月底到7月初）出現(xiàn)第二次生長高峰。這時(shí)由于葉片多，同化能力強(qiáng)，營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)多，根系生長所需的水、肥、氣、熱條件較好，能促進(jìn)根系生長，并且生長時(shí)間長，是全年發(fā)根多的時(shí)期。</span><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">（3）9月上旬至11月下旬，由于花芽分化已奠定基礎(chǔ)，果實(shí)已經(jīng)采收，葉片制造的養(yǎng)分回流積累，根系得到的養(yǎng)分增加，出現(xiàn)第三次生長高峰。這次高峰持續(xù)時(shí)間長，但生長較弱。這個(gè)時(shí)期是追施基肥的佳時(shí)期，一般越早吸收效果越好。因此，秋季管理的措施是深耕、施有機(jī)肥，促進(jìn)生長根的發(fā)生。</span></p><p class="" style="margin-top: 25px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 5px 0px 10px 7px; max-width: ; clear: both; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; font-size: 22px; border-top: 2px solid rgb(0, 187, 236); font-family: 微軟雅黑; line-height: 35px; color: rgb(0, 187, 236); background-image: url(&quot;http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/srdjOQrfv9xnrMJEFfs2crIxTAOp3uFV7DaKq6vtkRufXcR6nUcz1vrh66ApgaS5ZHUq9ducuO9MZyyxVbRiaGA/0?wx_fmt=png&quot;); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: 0px ; background-repeat: repeat-x; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">根系一輩子咋樣長？</span><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">從果樹的整個(gè)生命周期來看，果樹定植后，先從傷口上和根莖上發(fā)出新根。幼樹階段，垂直根生長旺盛，到初果期時(shí)即達(dá)到深深度。因此，定植時(shí)要求大穴栽植，深耕、擴(kuò)穴，增施有機(jī)肥，改良土壤，培養(yǎng)強(qiáng)大根群。</span><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">初果期以后的樹，以水平根為主，同時(shí)在水平骨干根上垂直根和斜生根。到盛果期，根系占有的空間達(dá)到大，此時(shí)根系的量也達(dá)到大，應(yīng)當(dāng)采取措施改良土壤，根系有適宜的發(fā)育環(huán)境。同時(shí)，通過合理負(fù)載等措施根系的活力。</span><span style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">盛果后期，骨干根開始更新死亡，地上部也開始更新衰老。此時(shí)，應(yīng)更新骨干根，多施有機(jī)肥，增加土壤孔度，以促發(fā)新根。</span></p><p class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 13px; padding: 0px 10px; max-width: ; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); white-space: normal; line-height: 25.6px; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(0, 187, 236); -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: 微軟雅黑; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(0, 187, 236); line-height: 25px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">春調(diào)節(jié)</span></span></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 21px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; line-height: 25.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">果樹根系沒有自然休眠期，由于受外界氣溫、水分條件的影響，只有被迫休眠期。開春后氣溫回升，根系即開始活動(dòng)。隨著開花坐果和新梢的迅速生長，養(yǎng)分消耗中心主要在地上部，此時(shí)根系生長相對(duì)緩慢。春季根系生長所需的養(yǎng)分主要是貯藏營養(yǎng)，上一年秋季的管理水平及當(dāng)年開花的多少，對(duì)早春根系生長也有很大影響。上年秋季管理較差造成貯藏營養(yǎng)不足或開花較多造成消耗的太大，均可減少春季發(fā)根高峰，對(duì)果樹當(dāng)年后期生長發(fā)育極為不利。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">春季調(diào)節(jié)的手段大致有：灌水、覆蓋、花前復(fù)剪等。這些措施雖然做在地上部分，但對(duì)根系的作用卻特別明顯。果樹沖施肥</span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">灌水。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">北方果區(qū)常常出現(xiàn)冬春連旱天氣，若干土層大于10厘米時(shí)，就要考慮春灌。春灌要在發(fā)芽前結(jié)束。若發(fā)芽時(shí)再灌水，會(huì)使地溫下降快，影響根系正常活動(dòng)，而此時(shí)葉片尚未展開，營養(yǎng)要靠自身貯藏和根系提供，根系若不能正?；顒?dòng)，就會(huì)影響葉面積和葉厚度。灌水時(shí)不要澆大水，因?yàn)闈泊笏笸寥纼?nèi)氣體不足，根系不能進(jìn)行正常的呼吸活動(dòng)，影響對(duì)地上部物質(zhì)的供應(yīng)和自身的生長。</span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">覆蓋。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">無論是地膜覆蓋還是秸稈覆蓋，都是讓土壤的溫差變化減小，給根系活動(dòng)提供適宜的環(huán)境。</span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">花前復(fù)剪。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">花前復(fù)剪看似是樹上的管理，其實(shí)也是對(duì)根系的管理。由于復(fù)剪減少了花量，也就減少了開花對(duì)貯藏營養(yǎng)的消耗，供給根系發(fā)育的營養(yǎng)相對(duì)增加，是對(duì)春季根系生長的有效調(diào)節(jié)。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 21px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; line-height: 25.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;"><img class="" data-ratio="0.6483333333333333" data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-w="600" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/srdjOQrfv9xnrMJEFfs2crIxTAOp3uFVpfB4xx5aro5cqwtyveawRvk2ojB137e5Awd4lV6mJJrgoyKbsxB19g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" width="auto" _width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/srdjOQrfv9xnrMJEFfs2crIxTAOp3uFVpfB4xx5aro5cqwtyveawRvk2ojB137e5Awd4lV6mJJrgoyKbsxB19g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;"/><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></p><p class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 13px; padding: 0px 10px; max-width: ; clear: both; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(0, 187, 236); -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(0, 187, 236); line-height: 25px; font-family: 微軟雅黑; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">秋</span></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 21px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; line-height: 25.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">秋，就是根系在秋季能夠正常生長與貯藏養(yǎng)分。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此時(shí)，樹上開始停長，果實(shí)接近成熟，葉片光合作用達(dá)到高峰，根系進(jìn)入又一次發(fā)育高峰。果樹能否正常生長發(fā)育，主要看根系有無良好的生態(tài)環(huán)境。如土壤疏松通氣性良好，肥水條件適宜，果樹自然就會(huì)正常生長結(jié)果。就目前而言，不少果園土壤板結(jié)，根系無法正常活動(dòng)，導(dǎo)致樹體發(fā)育不良。尤其有些黑粘土果園，常年施化肥不施土雜肥，加劇了土壤板結(jié)程度；還有不少果園園主很少給果園翻地松土，誤認(rèn)為翻地會(huì)傷根，年復(fù)一年，土壤越來越板結(jié)。其實(shí)，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)提倡通過施肥，加強(qiáng)樹下深翻，有意將一部分根系斬?cái)啵偈拐T發(fā)新根，強(qiáng)化根系功能。</span><span style="font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">按照常規(guī)管理，在果樹中早熟品種采摘后就應(yīng)及時(shí)進(jìn)行秋施基肥，這些肥料多以圈肥、土雜肥、植物秸稈等有機(jī)肥為主并混加復(fù)合肥。施肥后結(jié)合深翻園土，及時(shí)澆水借以發(fā)揮肥效。此時(shí)氣溫、土壤溫濕條件適宜，有利于促發(fā)新根和傷口愈合，以及根系對(duì)肥水的吸收利用。一旦錯(cuò)過時(shí)機(jī)，就會(huì)無辜造成光、熱、水、肥資源的浪費(fèi)。</span></p><p class="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 13px; padding: 0px 10px; max-width: ; clear: both; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(0, 187, 236); -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: rgb(0, 187, 236); line-height: 25px; font-family: 微軟雅黑; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">果樹秋栽勝春栽</span></strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 21px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; line-height: 25.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: ; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">目前，在我國大多數(shù)地方，人們還沒有秋栽果樹的習(xí)慣。其實(shí)，除了那些遭受凍害易死的果樹品質(zhì)外，秋末冬初才是栽植果樹的佳季節(jié)。</span><span style="font-family: 微軟雅黑, sans-serif;">秋末冬初氣溫較低，樹葉已落，樹液也不再流動(dòng)，樹體停止生長，不會(huì)大量消耗養(yǎng)分。此時(shí)移栽，受傷的果樹根系所吸收的有限的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，無需大量地供給輸入樹體，而主要用于供應(yīng)根部傷口愈合的需要，同時(shí)也能積累一些養(yǎng)分。果樹的根系在移栽時(shí)所受的損傷短時(shí)間就可以全面恢復(fù)，正常吸取和積累營養(yǎng)，為果樹樹體次年開春以后的正常生長發(fā)育奠定良好的基礎(chǔ)。</span></p>